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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Baogen Ru1,2, Aiqin Zhu3,4

  • 1Department of Geriatrics, Qinghai People's Hospital, Xining, China.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-altitude hypoxia exacerbates brain changes in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Structural and functional brain deteriorations correlate with cognitive decline in memory, language, and visuospatial abilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • High-Altitude Medicine

Background:

  • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) present unique challenges in high-altitude hypoxic environments.
  • Understanding brain structure and function alterations in these conditions is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate brain imaging characteristics in normal cognition (NC), MCI, and AD individuals residing at high altitudes.
  • To correlate these neuroimaging findings with performance across multiple cognitive domains.

Main Methods:

  • Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) and resting-state functional MRI were employed.
  • Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based morphometry (SBM) analyzed gray matter volume and thickness.
  • Functional connectivity patterns of brain networks were assessed using ALFF, fALFF, and ReHo.

Main Results:

  • MCI and AD groups showed decreased gray matter volume and thickness in key brain regions like the entorhinal cortex and temporal pole compared to NC.
  • Gray matter volume and cortical thickness positively correlated with cognitive scores in memory, language, and visuospatial tests.
  • Significant alterations in brain network functional connectivity were observed, particularly in the ventral attention network, correlating with cognitive function.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoxic environments contribute to progressive brain structural and functional deterioration from MCI to AD.
  • These neuroimaging changes are intrinsically linked to deficits in global cognition, episodic memory, language, and visuospatial functions.