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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
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Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
07:20

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Biomarkers.

Samantha A Keil1, Liangdong Zhou2, Xiuyuan Hugh Wang2

  • 1Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) impairs brain fluid clearance, with untreated individuals showing higher glymphatic burden. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment normalizes this burden, suggesting a key therapeutic mechanism.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects over 936 million adults globally.
  • Untreated OSA is linked to increased risk of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the standard treatment but has low compliance rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of OSA and CPAP treatment on the brain's glymphatic system.
  • To compare the sensitivity of MRI-based enhanced PVS contrast (EPC) and parenchymal cerebrospinal fluid (pCSF) mapping in assessing glymphatic fluid burden.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 32 participants (healthy controls, CPAP-treated OSA, untreated OSA).
  • 3T MRI including T1W, multi-echo FAST-T2 for pCSF, and T2W sequences.
  • Image processing using FreeSurfer and in-house MATLAB code for pCSF mapping.

Main Results:

  • Untreated OSA participants showed significantly higher pCSF burden, particularly in the temporal lobe (6.01%), compared to CPAP-treated (5.26%) and healthy controls (5.32%).
  • CPAP treatment appeared to normalize pCSF burden, aligning closely with healthy controls.
  • No significant differences in EPC or cortical volumes were observed across groups, suggesting pCSF is a more sensitive marker for glymphatic changes in OSA.

Conclusions:

  • OSA significantly impacts the brain's glymphatic system, contributing to downstream health effects.
  • Parenchymal cerebrospinal fluid (pCSF) mapping may be a more sensitive method than EPC for detecting subtle glymphatic fluid changes in OSA.
  • Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings.