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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies

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Biomarkers.

Sokratis Charisis1, Sophia Lu2, Jesus D Melgarejo3,4

  • 1Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lower levels of small dense LDL cholesterol (sdLDL-C) and higher levels of apolipoprotein B48 (ApoB48) were linked to a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These lipoprotein markers may aid in AD risk assessment and dementia prevention strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Health and Neurology
  • Lipid Metabolism and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Background:

  • Lipoprotein metabolism proteins may link cardiovascular health and Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.
  • Apolipoproteins E and J have established links, but other lipoproteins warrant investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between various blood lipoprotein concentrations and incident AD in a community-based sample.
  • To explore physiological links between cardiovascular health and AD risk through lipoprotein analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 822 participants (≥60 years, no dementia) from the Framingham Heart Study.
  • Measurement of HDL-C, LDL-C, sdLDL-C, Lp(a), ApoB, and ApoB48 concentrations via immunoturbidimetric assays and ELISA.
  • Longitudinal surveillance for AD incidence until 2020, with analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Main Results:

  • Over 12.55 years median follow-up, 128 participants developed AD.
  • A standard deviation unit increase in ln(sdLDL-C) was associated with a 21% increased risk of AD (HR=1.21).
  • A standard deviation unit increase in ln(ApoB48) was associated with a 22% decreased risk of AD (HR=0.78).

Conclusions:

  • Lower sdLDL-C and higher ApoB48 concentrations correlate with reduced AD risk.
  • Blood lipoprotein markers show potential for AD risk stratification.
  • Lipid modification strategies may play a role in dementia prevention.