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A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
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Clinical Manifestations.

Meenakshi Menon1, Katherine J Shoemaker1, Mara Mather2

  • 1Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

APOE genotype awareness impacts cognitive performance in older adults. For APOE ε4 carriers, knowing their genotype lowered backward digit span (BDS) scores when tested first, but improved scores when tested last.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The increasing prevalence of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) testing necessitates understanding its influence on cognitive function.
  • APOE genotype and awareness of one's genotype may affect cognitive performance, particularly in older adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of APOE genotype, genotype awareness, and task order on digit span performance.
  • To examine how APOE ε4 carrier status and awareness of this status interact with cognitive testing order.

Main Methods:

  • 196 cognitively unimpaired older adults (mean age 71.14) participated, with 69.4% being APOE ε4 carriers.
  • Participants completed Forward and Backward Digit Span (FDS, BDS) tests in a randomized order after being informed about the study's focus on APOE genotype and cognition.
  • Analyses included MANOVA for genotype and awareness effects, with exploratory ANOVAs for task order interactions.

Main Results:

  • No significant primary effects of APOE genotype or awareness on FDS/BDS performance.
  • A significant interaction was found between genotype, awareness, and task order for BDS performance (p=.026).
  • Among APOE ε4 carriers, awareness of genotype was linked to poorer BDS performance when tasks were first (p=.052) but better performance when tasks were last (p=.016).

Conclusions:

  • For APOE ε4 carriers, genotype awareness effects on backward digit span performance are contingent on task order.
  • Awareness of APOE ε4 status may induce stereotype threat, negatively impacting performance when tested early.
  • Conversely, awareness may enhance performance when tested later, suggesting a complex interplay between genotype, awareness, and testing context.