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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Daehun Kang1, Paul H Min1, Seokbeen Lim1

  • 1Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Breathing-triggered signals (BTS) in functional MRI (fMRI) can reflect brain oxygen metabolism. This study found higher BTS in the brains of individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), suggesting BTS as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biomarkers
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Respiration traditionally viewed as artifact in fMRI due to chest motion.
  • Respiratory cycle influences local oxygen concentration, causing BOLD signal fluctuations.
  • Breathing-triggered signals (BTS) may indicate underlying cerebral oxygen metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Develop a method to extract BTS from resting-state BOLD fMRI.
  • Investigate differences in BTS between healthy individuals and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a compact 3T MRI system for T1-weighted and multi-echo resting-state fMRI.
  • Employed AFNI and FreeSurfer for preprocessing; modeled fMRI signals using Fourier series.
  • Applied a linear mixed-effects model to analyze group and breathing cycle period effects on BTS.

Main Results:

  • Prominent breathing-triggered BOLD signals observed; cardiac-driven signals were rare.
  • Global BTS in healthy individuals showed a linear relationship with breathing period, even post-artifact correction.
  • Significantly greater BTS amplitudes found in the hippocampus and thalamus of the MCI group compared to healthy controls.

Conclusions:

  • Breathing-triggered signals (BTS) show potential as a noninvasive biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions.
  • BTS may offer insights into respiration-cerebral oxygen metabolism coupling.
  • Further research is needed due to limited sample size, but BTS could aid in early detection and monitoring of MCI.