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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Jason A Mares1, Jia Guo2, Tal Nuriel3,4,5

  • 1Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) carriers show distinct Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and brain changes compared to non-carriers. These differences, detectable via neuroimaging and AI, impact AD pathogenesis and may guide personalized treatment strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • The apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele is a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), associated with earlier onset.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding the specific differences in AD etiology and presentation between APOE4 carriers and non-carriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate neuroimaging biomarker differences between APOE4 carriers and non-carriers in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort.
  • To explore the utility of a novel deep learning method, DeepContrast, in identifying brain activity signatures related to APOE4 status.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of neuroimaging biomarkers (Ab-PET, Tau-PET, FDG-PET, structural MRI, FLAIR MRI) in APOE4 carriers versus non-carriers from the ADNI cohort.
  • Application of the DeepContrast deep learning algorithm to structural MRI data for AI-driven analysis of functional brain activity.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant differences in neuroimaging readouts between APOE4 carriers and non-carriers, varying by sex and age.
  • Identified APOE4-dependent differences in cognitively unimpaired individuals who converted to MCI or AD, suggesting specific mediating pathologies.
  • Demonstrated distinct differences using DeepContrast analysis in APOE4 carriers versus non-carriers.

Conclusions:

  • Pathological heterogeneity exists between APOE4 carriers and non-carriers, indicating divergent AD pathogenesis.
  • These findings have potential implications for the tailored diagnosis and treatment of AD in diverse at-risk populations.