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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

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Dynamic Glasgow Coma Scale Trajectories Improve Mortality Prediction in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multicenter

Juan Wang1,2, Hai-Bo Li3, Man-Man Xu1,2

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.

Journal of Neurotrauma
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Dynamic Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) trajectories in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients reveal distinct patient groups. Persistently low GCS trajectories significantly increase mortality risk, highlighting the need for advanced prognostic tools in neurocritical care.

Keywords:
Glasgow Coma Scalebrain injuriesintensive care unitsmortalityprognosisrisk stratificationtrajectory analysistraumatic

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability.
  • The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is crucial for initial TBI assessment, but static values may not capture evolving neurological status.
  • Identifying dynamic changes in neurological function is vital for accurate prognostication in TBI patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify distinct dynamic Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) trajectories in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with TBI.
  • To quantify cumulative neurological burden using a threshold-based area-under-the-curve (TBM-AUC) metric.
  • To evaluate the prognostic value of GCS trajectories and TBM-AUC for mortality prediction in TBI.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a multicenter ICU cohort (NSICU, MIMIC-IV, eICU) including 3,132 adult TBI patients with ≥3 GCS measurements within 120 ICU hours.
  • Latent class growth modeling applied to 12-hourly GCS measures to identify distinct GCS trajectories.
  • Calculation of TBM-AUC to represent cumulative neurological burden, with subsequent survival analysis and model performance evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Four distinct GCS trajectories were identified: Stable High, Rapidly Improving, Persistently Moderate, and Persistently Low.
  • Mortality risk increased monotonically across trajectories, with the Persistently Low group showing the highest risk (aHR 4.95).
  • Lower TBM-AUC was strongly associated with increased mortality, particularly at a GCS threshold of 13 (HR 0.34). An interaction between GCS trajectory and age was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic GCS trajectories and TBM-AUC provide significant prognostic information beyond standard assessments in TBI patients.
  • These metrics can enhance risk stratification and clinical decision-making in neurocritical care settings.
  • Prospective validation of these dynamic measures is warranted to further refine TBI patient management.