2D nanomaterial-triggered ferroptosis in cancer therapy

Cancer therapy faces significant challenges due to the resistance of traditional apoptosis-based treatments. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent, lipid peroxidation-driven form of programmed cell death, has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy owing to its unique metabolic regulation mechanisms. However, conventional small-molecule ferroptosis inducers suffer from poor targeting and rapid metabolism. The integration of nanotechnology provides innovative solutions for precise ferroptosis modulation. Among various nanomaterials, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials stand out due to their distinctive physicochemical properties and multifunctionality, making them widely studied in ferroptosis-mediated cancer therapy. In this review, we first outline the development, physiological mechanisms, detection markers, and common methodologies of ferroptosis, while highlighting the current challenges in ferroptosis-related cancer therapies. Second, we discuss the general principles of 2D materials in inducing ferroptosis, emphasizing how these platforms enhance ferroptosis efficacy. Third, we classify and elaborate on different types of 2D materials that induce ferroptosis in tumor cells. Finally, we present future perspectives in this field. We hope this review will facilitate the rational design of 2D materials for ferroptosis induction and pave the way for broader biomedical applications.