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Clinical Manifestations.

Mario A A Parra1, Daniela Thumala2,3,4, Patricia Lillo3,5,6

  • 1University of Strathcylde, Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive reserve (CR) influences dementia assessments. The Visual Short-Term Memory Binding Test (VSTMBT) is less affected by CR, while the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) is more sensitive to cognitive decline.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Cognitive reserve (CR) can impact the reliability of neuropsychological assessments for dementia.
  • CR is typically measured using proxy variables like education, intellectual functioning, and social engagement.
  • The Visual Short-Term Memory Binding Test (VSTMBT) and Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) can indicate dementia progression, but only FCSRT has shown sensitivity to CR.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if a more reliable measure of cognitive reserve (CR) can differentiate performance across the VSTMBT and FCSRT.
  • To explore how CR changes across different life stages (youth, adulthood, maturity) affect cognitive functions.
  • To determine the predictive value of CR changes and group status on memory binding and recall abilities.

Main Methods:

  • 414 participants (Healthy Controls, Subjective Cognitive Decline, Objective Cognitive Decline) from the GERO cohort were analyzed.
  • The study utilized the VSTMBT, FCSRT, and a new CR Scale.
  • General Linear Models (GLM) and adjusted stepwise regression models were employed to analyze CR changes, binding abilities, and predictive values.

Main Results:

  • Cognitive reserve (CR) decreased across life periods, with significant drops observed in Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) and Objective Cognitive Decline (OCD) groups.
  • Specific binding deficits were confirmed in SCD and OCD groups.
  • CR did not predict binding costs on the VSTMBT, but Immediate Free Recall on the FCSRT was predicted by CR, MoCA, education, and age.

Conclusions:

  • Binding functions assessed by VSTMBT and FCSRT are differentially affected by cognitive reserve (CR).
  • VSTMBT assesses a lower-level visual cognition less influenced by CR, while FCSRT engages broader cognitive networks.
  • Future research should focus on developing test versions that minimize CR influence for more reliable dementia risk assessment.