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A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
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Clinical Manifestations.

Moira McKniff1, Marina Kaplan1, Sophia L Holmqvist1

  • 1Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Executive functioning (EF) in older adults is linked to daily tasks. Inhibition and working memory, not set-shifting, significantly predict everyday task performance and accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Neuropsychology

Background:

  • Executive functioning (EF) is crucial for daily activities in older adults.
  • Specific EF components' roles in everyday task completion remain unclear.
  • This study investigates the link between detailed EF measures and real-world functioning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if computer-based executive functioning measures predict everyday functioning.
  • To identify which specific executive functioning components (switching, working memory, inhibition) are most vital for everyday tasks.

Main Methods:

  • 186 older adults completed the NIH EXAMINER battery assessing inhibition, set-shifting, and working memory.
  • Participants also performed the Naturalistic Action Test (NAT), evaluating breakfast and lunch preparation.
  • NAT performance was measured by subtle errors (micro-errors) and task completion speed (accomplishment rate).

Main Results:

  • Inhibition and working memory significantly predicted micro-errors on the NAT, even after controlling for age and education.
  • These EF components also predicted the accomplishment rate (speed) on the NAT.
  • Set-shifting ability did not significantly predict either accuracy or speed on the everyday functioning task.

Conclusions:

  • Computer-based measures of inhibition and working memory are strong predictors of both accuracy and speed in everyday functioning for older adults.
  • Interventions aimed at improving everyday functioning in older adults may be more effective if they target working memory and inhibition skills.
  • Focusing on enhancing working memory and inhibition may yield better results than targeting set-shifting abilities.