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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Mitzi M Gonzales1, Dieu-Trang Fuchs2, Jonah Doustar2

  • 1Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinal amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque accumulation in small vessels may indicate memory impairment and interact with hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Further longitudinal studies are needed.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) require sensitive, accessible biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy development.
  • The retina, connected to the brain via the optic nerve, may harbor pathologies like amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau.
  • Retinal Aβ deposits in postmortem studies correlate with brain Aβ plaque and tau burden.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between retinal perivascular amyloid and cognitive function.
  • To explore if hippocampal volumetry modifies the relationship between retinal amyloid and cognition.

Main Methods:

  • Participants (≥40 years) underwent retinal imaging, brain MRI, FDG-PET, and neuropsychological testing.
  • Retinal amyloid imaging used a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope after curcumin ingestion.
  • Perivascular Aβ plaque counts were quantified in the superotemporal retina; regression models assessed associations with cognition, with hippocampal volume as a moderator.

Main Results:

  • Higher perivascular Aβ plaque counts in retinal vessels correlated with poorer verbal and visual memory.
  • Significant interactions were found between Aβ plaque counts in specific retinal vessels and hippocampal volumetry for visual memory.

Conclusions:

  • Perivascular Aβ accumulation in the superotemporal retina may serve as a marker for memory impairment.
  • This retinal Aβ accumulation might interact synergistically with hippocampal atrophy.
  • Longitudinal studies with multimodal assessments are essential to understand the temporal relationship between retinal and brain pathologies.