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Experimental Joint Estimation of Phase and Phase Diffusion Via Deterministic Bell Measurements.

Ben Wang1, Minghao Mi1, Huangqiuchen Wang1

  • 1National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Physical Science Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study enhances quantum metrology by jointly estimating phase and phase diffusion. Collective measurements using Bell states improve precision beyond single-copy limits, offering a new framework for noisy quantum systems.

Keywords:
deterministic bell measurementsmulti‐parameter quantum estimationphase diffusion

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Metrology
  • Quantum Optics

Background:

  • Phase estimation is crucial for quantum metrology but is degraded by phase-diffusive noise.
  • Joint estimation of phase and phase diffusion addresses this noise but faces measurement incompatibility issues.
  • Single-copy measurements cannot achieve the quantum Cramér-Rao bound due to parameter incompatibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally demonstrate joint phase and phase-diffusion estimation.
  • To investigate the benefits of collective measurements over separable measurements for precision enhancement.
  • To propose a new framework for phase estimation under phase-diffusive noise.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a two-qubit system for joint parameter estimation.
  • Employed a linear optical network for deterministic Bell measurements.
  • Implemented collective measurements on multiple identical copies of the quantum state.

Main Results:

  • Achieved improved estimation precision compared to separable measurement strategies.
  • Demonstrated the effectiveness of deterministic Bell measurements in joint estimation.
  • Showcased the advantage of collective measurements in mitigating parameter incompatibility.

Conclusions:

  • Collective measurements offer substantial advantages for multi-parameter quantum metrology.
  • The proposed framework provides a robust method for phase estimation in the presence of phase-diffusive noise.
  • Deterministic Bell measurements are a viable tool for advanced quantum sensing applications.