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Published on: September 20, 2018
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Clinical Manifestations.
Javier Oltra1, Ingrid Ekström1, Maria Larsson2
1Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
Summary
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) and cognitive impairment (CI) combined significantly increase dementia risk, especially in the first six years. Isolated OD also predicts dementia risk over time, suggesting its potential as an early diagnostic marker.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Gerontology
- Biomarkers
Background:
- Olfactory and cognitive markers show promise in dementia risk stratification.
- Investigating the combined and isolated effects of olfactory dysfunction (OD) and cognitive impairment (CI) on dementia incidence.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine the association of isolated and combined OD and CI with incident dementia over 12 years.
- To evaluate if this association varies across two timeframes: 0-6 years and 6-12 years.
Main Methods:
- 2406 older adults from the SNAC-K study were assessed for odor identification and cognitive function.
- Cox regression analyses estimated dementia hazard for isolated OD, isolated CI, and combined CIND+OD.
- Laplace regression assessed time to 5% dementia diagnosis within each group.
Main Results:
- The combination of CIND+OD showed the highest dementia risk (HR 11.38), particularly for amnestic CIND (HR 22.23) within the first 6 years.
- Isolated OD was associated with increased dementia risk over both 12-year periods (HR 2.12).
- Isolated CIND increased dementia risk only in the first 6 years (HR 3.38).
Conclusions:
- Concurrent cognitive impairment and olfactory dysfunction may indicate incipient dementia, especially in amnestic individuals.
- Olfactory dysfunction serves as a potential independent early marker for dementia.
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