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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Aoife M L Hunter1, Sarah Atkinson1, Elaine Murray1

  • 1Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thicker peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (pRNFLT) is linked to better cognitive function in both healthy controls and individuals with Down syndrome (DS). In DS, small dot lens opacities (SDLO) are associated with altered pRNFLT.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have a significantly increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Early detection of AD risk in DS is crucial for timely intervention.
  • This study explores ocular biomarkers for cognitive function in DS and healthy controls (HC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between cognitive function and ocular measurements (peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness [pRNFLT], whole retinal thickness [WRT], choroidal thickness [CT], and small dot lens opacities [SDLO]).
  • To compare these associations in individuals with DS and HC.

Main Methods:

  • Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) was used to measure pRNFLT, WRT, and CT in 15 DS participants and 50 HC.
  • Slit-lamp photography assessed for SDLO.
  • Cognitive abilities were measured using the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test 2 (KBIT-2); multivariate linear regression analyzed relationships.

Main Results:

  • Higher cognitive scores (IQ) were significantly associated with thicker global, inferonasal, and inferotemporal pRNFLT.
  • Small dot lens opacities (SDLO) were linked to thicker inferotemporal and temporal pRNFLT, and thinner superonasal pRNFLT in DS participants.
  • Choroidal thickness (CT) showed a positive association with DS but no significant link with cognitive function or SDLO.

Conclusions:

  • Thicker pRNFLT correlates with better cognitive abilities in both HC and DS individuals.
  • Specific patterns of pRNFLT alterations are observed in DS individuals with SDLO.
  • pRNFLT emerges as a potential biomarker for cognitive function assessment in diverse populations.