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Clinical Manifestations.

Boon Lead Tee1,2, Jee Eun Sung3, Stefano F Cappa4,5

  • 1Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive assessments like the digit span task show performance variations across 14 languages in older adults. Linguistic and numerical factors significantly influence results, highlighting the need for language diversity in cognitive research.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • The digit span task is a global standard for assessing auditory verbal short-term and working memory.
  • Limited research exists on language-based digit span performance variations in older adults.
  • This study addresses this gap by examining digit span across 14 languages in individuals aged 40-90.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate digit span performance variations in older adults across fourteen languages.
  • To explore the influence of lexical and numerical properties on cognitive assessment outcomes.
  • To identify language-specific factors affecting memory performance in aging populations.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed digit span performance in 3,681 participants across 14 language cohorts, including cognitively normal (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) groups.
  • Utilized ANOVA and general linear models to assess language differences in CN participants.
  • Conducted Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses for AD cutoff values and regression analyses to examine linguistic/numerical influences.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in forward and backward digit span performance were observed across the 14 language cohorts in CN individuals, even after controlling for age and education.
  • Optimal cutoff values for AD detection varied significantly by language.
  • Digit and syllable counts interacted to affect forward digit span accuracy in English speakers, while digit count negatively impacted backward digit span performance.

Conclusions:

  • Language-specific variations in digit span performance underscore the impact of linguistic and numerical factors on cognitive assessments.
  • These findings emphasize the critical importance of incorporating language diversity into cognitive research and assessment.
  • Cognitive tests using digit stimuli are influenced by language, even when not directly assessing linguistic abilities.