Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 7, 2026
A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
Published on: September 25, 2014
Monitoring Adolescent Sport-Related Concussion Recovery Using Consumer-Grade Wearables: A Pilot Study
Danielle M Ransom1, Brant H Tudor, Sarah A Irani
1Author Affiliations: Center for Behavioral Health, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida (Dr Ransom); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Ransom); Center for Pediatric Data Science & Analytic Methodology, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida (Drs Tudor, Rehman, Ahumada); Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Drs Tudor, Rehman, Ahumada); Division of Sports Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida (Drs Irani, Mularoni); Brain Injury Clinical Research Center, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Marlyland (Drs Suskauer, Svingos); Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Drs Suskauer, Svingos); and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Drs Suskauer, Mularoni).
Objective:
To evaluate whether consumer-grade wearable devices (CGWDs) can detect physiological differences between adolescent athletes recovering from sport-related concussion (SRC) versus musculoskeletal (MSK) injury, and to examine whether wearable-derived physiological markers are associated with symptom burden during the acute post-injury phase.
Setting:
Outpatient sports medicine clinic at a pediatric academic medical center.
Participants:
High school student-athletes aged 14-18 years were eligible if they presented within 10 days of SRC or acute, nonsurgical MSK injury and had internet access and willingness to comply with study procedures. Thirty-eight participants were enrolled; four were excluded due to protocol deviations. The final analytic sample included 34 participants (SRC: n = 17; MSK: n = 17).
Design:
Prospective observational cohort study conducted from September 2021 to April 2022. All participants were issued a Fitbit Sense to passively monitor sleep, activity, and heart rate for up to 6 weeks post-injury. No randomization or blinding occurred, as this was an observational study.
Main Measures:
The primary outcome was group differences in CGWD-derived physiological metrics (sleep patterns and architecture, physical activity, heart rate) across 3 post-enrollment time intervals (Days 1-14, 15-28, 29-42). Secondary outcomes included correlations between physiological data and symptom burden based on the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory, Second Edition (PCSI-2).
Results:
Compared to MSK peers, participants with SRC showed significantly more light sleep, more nocturnal wake time, and lower daily step counts during the first 4 weeks post-injury (P <.0038). No significant differences were observed in REM sleep, deep sleep, or heart rate. In SRC participants, greater nocturnal wake time and lower resting heart rate were modestly associated with higher cognitive symptom ratings; emotional symptoms were modestly associated with step counts. No adverse events occurred.
Conclusions:
CGWDs may capture recovery-specific physiological disruptions in adolescent SRC, particularly in sleep and physical activity. These findings support the potential for wearable technology to inform individualized, objective approaches to concussion monitoring in clinical practice.
