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Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

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A Biochar-Based Composite Hydrogel Microenvironment for Enhanced Biocatalysis.

Shengzhe Wang^1,2, Jingling Zhu^1,2, Weiyang Xue³

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|December 26, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel biochar-polyacrylamide hydrogel composite for enhanced water remediation. The composite material significantly boosts enzyme catalytic activity for degrading phenolic pollutants, offering a sustainable solution.

Keywords:

biochar enzyme immobilization microenvironment phenolic pollutant degradation polyacrylamide gel

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Materials Science
Biotechnology

Background:

Water pollution from phenolic compounds is a major environmental concern.
Traditional enzyme catalysis for water treatment faces limitations due to mass transfer resistance in enzyme immobilization.
Developing sustainable and efficient methods for pollutant degradation is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel composite hydrogel for enhanced biocatalytic degradation of phenolic contaminants.
To investigate the synergistic effects of biochar and hydrogel on enzyme activity and mass transfer.
To evaluate the efficiency and reusability of the composite for water remediation.

Main Methods:

Integration of biochar (BC) with polyacrylamide hydrogels to encapsulate horseradish peroxidase (HRP).
Characterization of the Gel/BC-HRP composite hydrogel's structure and properties.
Assessment of the composite's biocatalytic activity for phenol oxidation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Evaluation of mass transfer efficiency, reaction rates, and catalyst reusability over multiple cycles.

Main Results:

The Gel/BC-HRP composite hydrogel demonstrated significantly enhanced mass transfer efficiency.
The reaction rate for phenol oxidation was 91.4 times faster compared to the biochar-free control.
High turnover frequency (TOF) values were achieved, indicating efficient enzyme utilization.
The composite maintained approximately 60% efficiency for phenol removal after eight reaction cycles.
Mechanistic studies revealed an optimal microenvironment created by the composite for accelerated oxidation.

Conclusions:

The novel Gel/BC-HRP composite hydrogel offers a highly efficient and sustainable approach for water remediation.
The integration of biochar with hydrogel-immobilized enzymes overcomes mass transfer limitations, boosting catalytic performance.
This innovative material presents a promising eco-friendly solution for the degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater treatment.