Peripheral organ crosstalk in the regulation of ovarian endocrine function and reproductive homeostasis

Ovarian function is increasingly recognized as a systemic process influenced by cross-organ communication, yet knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms remains fragmented. In addition to the ovary, multiple organs, including the hypothalamus, adipose tissue, gut, liver, thyroid, adrenal gland, and heart, converge to regulate ovarian function. These interactions span endocrine signals (e.g. insulin hormones), immune mediators (e.g. cytokines), and metabolic cues (e.g. adipokines), collectively impacting folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, and ovulation. Importantly, these interactions suggest novel therapeutic targets to mitigate ovarian dysfunction. However, causal relationships and organ-specific contributions require further mechanistic exploration. This synthesis underscores the necessity of a multisystem perspective in both the research and clinical management of ovarian disorders.