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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
07:20

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies

Published on: January 28, 2014

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Biomarkers.

Hamilton Se-Hwee Oh1,2, Deniz Yagmur Urey3, Linda Karlsson4

  • 1Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, YWHAG:NPTX2 synapse protein ratio in CSF and a plasma signature, show promise for predicting cognitive decline. These findings highlight synapse dysfunction as a key factor in AD progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibits significant heterogeneity in cognitive decline rates.
  • Current biomarkers (amyloid-beta and tau) explain limited variance in AD-related cognitive impairment (CI).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for CI in AD.
  • To investigate the prognostic value of synapse proteins in AD.
  • To develop a plasma-based biomarker signature for AD progression.

Main Methods:

  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomics on 3,397 individuals across six cohorts.
  • Machine learning to derive the CSF YWHAG:NPTX2 synapse protein ratio.
  • Evaluation of a plasma proteomic signature in 13,401 samples.

Main Results:

  • CSF YWHAG:NPTX2 ratio strongly correlates with CI, independent of Aβ and tau.
  • This ratio improves prediction of cognitive decline beyond established biomarkers.
  • The YWHAG:NPTX2 ratio increases with normal aging and faster in APOE4 carriers.
  • Defined thresholds stratify individuals by future cognitive resilience or decline.
  • A plasma signature partially recapitulates CSF YWHAG:NPTX2 findings.

Conclusions:

  • CSF YWHAG:NPTX2 and plasma signature are robust prognostic biomarkers for AD.
  • These biomarkers offer value beyond current gold-standard AD markers.
  • Synapse dysfunction is implicated as a central mechanism in AD dementia.