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Clinical Manifestations.

Abigail LaCasse1,2, Natalie R Scher3, Jessie Fanglu Fu4,5

  • 1William James College, Newton, MA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Depressive symptoms correlate with lower scores on cognitive tests, including the Digital Clock Test (DCT), Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE), and Preclinical Alzheimer

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • The Digital Clock Test (DCT) is a novel computerized clock drawing test.
  • DCT shows promise in distinguishing mild cognitive impairment from Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia.
  • Mood symptoms like depression and anxiety are common in older adults and can affect cognitive function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between mood symptoms (depression, anxiety) and cognitive performance on the DCT.
  • To compare the impact of mood symptoms on the DCT versus standard cognitive screening tools (MMSE, PACC5).
  • To determine if mood symptoms affect the likelihood of impaired scores on these cognitive measures.

Main Methods:

  • 241 older adults from the Harvard Aging Brain Study completed the DCT, PACC5, and MMSE.
  • Participants also completed self-report questionnaires for depression (Geriatric Depression Scale - GDS) and anxiety (Geriatric Anxiety Inventory - GAI).
  • Linear and ordinal regression models analyzed the relationship between GDS/GAI scores and cognitive test performance, controlling for age, sex, and education.

Main Results:

  • Higher depressive symptoms (GDS scores) were linked to lower scores on the DCT, MMSE, and PACC5.
  • Elevated depressive symptoms increased the odds of impaired MMSE and PACC5 scores, but not impaired DCT scores.
  • Higher anxiety symptoms (GAI scores) were associated with increased odds of impaired PACC5 scores, but not MMSE or DCT scores.

Conclusions:

  • Depressive symptoms are associated with poorer performance across multiple cognitive tests in older adults.
  • The DCT may be less affected by mood disturbances compared to the MMSE and PACC5.
  • The DCT's resilience to mood symptoms suggests its potential as a sensitive screening tool for AD in clinical settings with co-occurring mood issues.