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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...
516

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Yali Xu1

  • 1Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, Chongqing, China.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Urinary CX3CL1 levels increase with age and may help diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). This study shows elevated levels in AD patients and reduced levels in aMCI patients compared to controls.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Inflammation is central to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis.
  • Chemokine CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) links neuroinflammation and neuroprotection.
  • Urinary CX3CL1 as a biomarker for AD and cognitive decline is under-explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the diagnostic potential of urinary CX3CL1 levels.
  • To differentiate between Alzheimer's disease (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals.
  • To assess the correlation between urinary CX3CL1 and aging.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 516 CU individuals, 102 AD patients, and 65 aMCI subjects was analyzed.
  • Urinary CX3CL1 levels were quantified using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

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  • Urinary creatine normalization was used to adjust for urine concentration.

    • Main Results:

    • Urinary CX3CL1 levels showed an age-dependent increase and correlated positively with age.
    • AD patients had significantly higher urinary CX3CL1 than CU and aMCI groups.
    • aMCI patients exhibited significantly lower urinary CX3CL1 levels compared to AD and CU groups.

    Conclusions:

    • Urinary CX3CL1 levels are associated with the aging process.
    • Urinary CX3CL1 may serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker for aMCI and AD.
    • Urine offers a non-invasive method for assessing CX3CL1 levels in neurodegenerative conditions.