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A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
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Clinical Manifestations.

Kristen E Kehl-Floberg1, Aurora Pop-Vicas1, Dorothy F Edwards2,3

  • 1University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Self-reported cognitive function, measured by PROMIS Cognitive Function scores, significantly predicts long COVID. Low scores were associated with a five- to six-fold increased odds of experiencing long COVID symptoms.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Long COVID is characterized by debilitating neurocognitive symptoms, often termed 'brain fog'.
  • Existing neurocognitive screening tools inadequately detect post-COVID cognitive impairments.
  • Effective screening for cognitive dysfunction in long COVID patients is crucial for clinical management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the association of self-reported cognitive function versus neuropsychological tests with long COVID status.
  • To identify reliable screening methods for cognitive impairment in individuals with persistent post-COVID symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional cohort study analyzed 174 participants (67 cases, 107 controls) with long COVID.
  • Binary logistic regression modeled long COVID status using MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) scores and PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) 8-item Cognitive Functioning t-scores.
  • Analyses controlled for age and incorporated race/ethnicity weighting for MoCA cut scores.

Main Results:

  • Low PROMIS Cognitive Function scores (lower quartile of 36.67) significantly increased the odds of having long COVID by five to seven times across various age groups, even with a 'Non-impaired' MoCA score.
  • Race/ethnicity-weighted MoCA cut scores did not significantly predict long COVID status at any age.
  • PROMIS Cognitive Function scores demonstrated a robust association with long COVID, independent of age and MoCA performance.

Conclusions:

  • Self-reported PROMIS Cognitive Function scores are strong predictors of long COVID.
  • These self-rated scores are more effective than traditional MoCA assessments in identifying cognitive dysfunction related to long COVID.
  • PROMIS Cognitive Function offers a sensitive tool for screening and assessing cognitive impacts of post-COVID conditions.