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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies

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Published on: January 28, 2014

Biomarkers.

Manizhe Eslami-Amirabadi^1,2,3, Tara N Ellingson⁴, Melanie Stephens⁴

¹University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association

|December 26, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Amyloid PET scans improve dementia diagnosis accuracy. However, negative scans highlight the need for better biomarkers for conditions like LATE and cerebrovascular disease, especially for patients over 75.

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Medical Imaging
Geriatrics

Background:

Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has limitations compared to pathological confirmation.
Amyloid PET imaging noninvasively detects amyloid plaques, a key AD biomarker, improving diagnostic accuracy and clinical decisions.
Increased Medicare coverage for amyloid PET has led to wider utilization in dementia patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the utilization of amyloid PET scans in a real-world dementia diagnosis setting.
To analyze the impact of amyloid PET on differential diagnoses for dementia patients.
To understand the diagnostic implications of negative amyloid PET scans.

Main Methods:

Retrospective chart review of 1708 patient encounters at a Memory and Aging Center (July 2023-July 2024).
Included 920 encounters for 547 unique patients with dementia biomarker testing orders (PET and fluid biomarkers).
Evaluated differential diagnoses and imaging findings for patients undergoing amyloid PET, comparing with diagnostic criteria for other dementia syndromes.

Main Results:

Amyloid PET was ordered in 43% of encounters but not performed in 24% of those ordered.
24% of patients receiving amyloid PET had negative scans.
Diagnoses for negative PET scans included Limbic Predominant Age-related TDP proteinopathy (LATE), cerebrovascular disease, Lewy body disease, 4R tauopathies, and functional/psychiatric conditions, often with multiple contributing factors, particularly in patients over 75.

Conclusions:

Amyloid PET is crucial for identifying patients eligible for amyloid-targeted therapies, but negative results create diagnostic uncertainty, especially in non-specialist settings.
Ethical considerations arise from diagnostic uncertainty in patients without amyloid pathology.
Development of reliable biomarkers for alternative neuropathological diagnoses is essential to reduce uncertainty and improve care for non-Alzheimer's dementias.