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Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Michele Longoni Calio1,2,3, Luis E Santos4, Amanda Cristina Mosini3

  • 1Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Serum biomarkers like GFAP and NfL can help understand the link between Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Ultra-sensitive measurements show these markers correlate with injury severity and progression, aiding personalized diagnostics.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a known risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease (AD), but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.
  • Identifying blood-based biomarkers for neuronal and astrocytic injury is critical for predicting neurodegeneration and enabling precision medicine.
  • This study investigates serum biomarkers to explore their association with TBI severity, sex-specific responses, and relevance to AD pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate serum biomarkers using the Single Molecule Array (SIMOA) platform.
  • To explore the association of these biomarkers with TBI severity, sex, age, and time post-injury.
  • To investigate the potential relevance of these biomarkers to the neurodegenerative processes seen in AD.

Main Methods:

  • A subanalysis of 123 patients from a phase III clinical trial (NCT01048138) with acute TBI.
  • Serum samples were analyzed using SIMOA for biomarkers including Tau, NfL, GFAP, and UCHL1 at multiple time points.
  • Biomarker profiles were compared across treatment groups, TBI severity, sex, age, and time post-injury, with additional analyses for AD relevance.

Main Results:

  • GFAP and NfL demonstrated strong correlations with age, sex, TBI severity, and temporal progression, indicating astrocytic and axonal injury.
  • UCHL1 levels were also associated with trauma severity, sex, and time post-injury, though less significantly than NfL and GFAP.
  • Sex-specific differences were observed, with women showing higher Tau, GFAP, and UCHL1 but lower NfL levels. Older patients exhibited increased NfL and GFAP.

Conclusions:

  • Serum biomarkers GFAP and NfL show promise in elucidating the molecular link between TBI and AD.
  • SIMOA technology allows precise quantification, providing insights into the TBI-to-AD timeline and long-term neurodegeneration.
  • These findings support personalized approaches for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring in TBI and AD.