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Clinical Manifestations.

Emily H Ho1, Maya Ventura2, Berivan Ece1

  • 1Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) effectively distinguishes between healthy older adults and those with mild cognitive impairment or dementia in Spanish-speaking Hispanic populations. This tool aids in diagnosing cognitive decline in this at-risk group.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Older Hispanic/LatinX adults face a higher risk of dementia compared to older White adults.
  • Limited research has characterized cognitive performance in this demographic using standardized tools like the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB).
  • This study addresses the gap by examining NIHTB-CB performance in a 100% Spanish-speaking Hispanic sample.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in NIHTB-CB test and composite scores among healthy older adults, individuals with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI), and those with mild dementia of the Alzheimer's Type (mDAT).
  • To assess the utility of the NIHTB-CB in differentiating cognitive function within a specific, at-risk ethnic group.

Main Methods:

  • The study involved 125 healthy agers, 123 with aMCI, and 28 with mild DAT from the ARMADA Study.
  • Participants were administered the NIHTB-CB, including tests for Oral Reading Recognition, Picture Vocabulary, List Sort Working Memory, Picture Sequence Memory, Pattern Comparison Processing Speed, Dimensional Change Card Sort, and Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention.
  • Analyses included ANOVAs to compare scores, adjusting for age, education, sex, and study site.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with aMCI and mild DAT scored significantly lower on all NIHTB-CB measures and composites compared to healthy controls.
  • High standardized mean differences were observed for List Sort Working Memory, Pattern Comparison Processing Speed, Dimensional Change Card Sort, and Picture Vocabulary.
  • The NIHTB-CB differentiated between aMCI and mild DAT primarily on Pattern Comparison Processing Speed and Picture Vocabulary, with age impacting Pattern Comparison Processing Speed performance.

Conclusions:

  • The NIHTB-CB demonstrates significant ability to differentiate between healthy older adults and those with aMCI or mild DAT in Spanish-speaking Hispanic populations.
  • These findings support the use of the NIHTB-CB as a valuable tool for assessing cognitive function and diagnosing cognitive impairment in this demographic.