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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Victor L Villemagne1

  • 1University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The PET tracer 18F-SMBT-1 effectively measures Monoamine Oxidase-B (MAO-B) in the brain. Elevated 18F-SMBT-1 levels in cognitively normal individuals predict future amyloid plaque accumulation, suggesting its potential for early Alzheimer's disease detection.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Molecular Imaging
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases

Background:

  • Monoamine Oxidase-B (MAO-B) is upregulated in reactive astrocytes surrounding amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques.
  • 18F-SMBT-1 is a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer designed to target MAO-B.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the performance of 18F-SMBT-1 PET in assessing MAO-B activity across different age groups and stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • To investigate the relationship between 18F-SMBT-1 binding, Aβ and tau pathology, and plasma biomarkers.

Main Methods:

  • Quantified 18F-SMBT-1 PET binding in young, cognitively unimpaired (CU), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD participants (aged 25-88).
  • Utilized Aβ and tau PET, MRI, neuropsychological tests, and fluid biomarkers for comprehensive assessment.
  • Analyzed tracer kinetics and correlated regional binding with established biomarkers and clinical status.

Main Results:

  • 18F-SMBT-1 demonstrated good brain penetration and reversible kinetics, with binding patterns reflecting known MAO-B distribution and age-related increases.
  • Regional 18F-SMBT-1 PET signal strongly correlated with insoluble Aβ load and plasma GFAP levels.
  • Elevated 18F-SMBT-1 was observed in preclinical stages (Aβ+ CU individuals) and predicted future Aβ accumulation, even in the absence of tau pathology.
  • Binding was more associated with Aβ load than tau pathology in regions of early Aβ deposition.

Conclusions:

  • 18F-SMBT-1 serves as a reliable marker for regional reactive astrogliosis.
  • Increased 18F-SMBT-1 binding precedes and predicts Aβ accumulation, highlighting reactive astrogliosis as a potential early therapeutic target in AD.