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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
07:20

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Biomarkers.

Giulia Rugarli1,2, Giordano Cecchetti3, Roberto Santangelo3

  • 1Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal measurements show complex associations with plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Retinal thickness changes correlate with amyloid and tau status, suggesting OCT as a potential complementary biomarker for AD diagnosis and monitoring.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive decline and protein accumulation.
  • Optical coherence tomography (OCT) offers non-invasive retinal imaging for potential AD biomarkers.
  • Plasma biomarkers like beta-amyloid ratios, phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) aid in AD diagnosis and monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between retinal thickness measured by OCT and plasma biomarkers in patients with cognitive disturbances.
  • To determine if retinal layer thickness changes correlate with specific plasma biomarkers associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology.
  • To explore stage-specific associations by stratifying patients based on amyloid pathology status.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study of 145 patients with cognitive disturbances undergoing OCT and plasma biomarker analysis.
  • Linear regression models assessed associations between retinal layer thicknesses and plasma biomarkers, adjusting for covariates.
  • Patients were stratified into three groups based on pTau217 levels to categorize amyloid pathology status.

Main Results:

  • A positive correlation was found between temporal retinal nerve fiber layer (T_RNFL) thickness and the beta-amyloid 42/40 ratio (Ab42/40) in the overall cohort.
  • Specific correlations varied by amyloid status group, including associations between inferior RNFL (I_RNFL) and Ab42/40 or NfL, and between global RNFL (G_RNFL), superior RNFL (S_RNFL), and ganglion cell layer (GCL-IPL) with plasma phosphorylated tau 181 (p181) in amyloid-positive groups.
  • No significant intergroup differences were observed.

Conclusions:

  • OCT-derived retinal measurements show potential as complementary biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease.
  • Findings indicate complex, stage-specific relationships between retinal thickness and plasma biomarkers.
  • Stratification by amyloid status is crucial for understanding these associations and may inform AD diagnostic and monitoring strategies.