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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Thomas M Brown1, Sarah-Naomi James1,2, Jennifer M Nicholas1,3

  • 1Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Previously observed associations between white matter microstructure and Alzheimer's disease risk factors persist in stable normal-appearing white matter. However, these associations are stronger in areas that later develop white matter hyperintensities, suggesting a continuous disease process, particularly in men.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) assesses white matter microstructure (WMMS), with alterations linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression.
  • Previous research in the Insight46 cohort indicated poorer WMMS in normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) at age 70 was associated with cardiovascular risk, white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), and beta-amyloid (Aβ) burden.
  • This study investigates whether these associations reflect changes in persistently normal-appearing white matter or in regions that later convert to white matter hyperintensities (WMH).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if previously identified associations between WMMS and AD risk factors are confined to regions that remain normal-appearing or those that progress to WMH.
  • To explore the temporal relationship between cardiovascular risk, Aβ burden, WMMS, and WMH development.
  • To examine sex-specific differences in these relationships.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized longitudinal data from 302 Insight46 participants with two MRI scans approximately 2.5 years apart.
  • Employed linear regression to analyze DWI metrics (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, neurite density index) in "stable" (remained NAWM) and "converting" (became WMH) regions.
  • Adjusted analyses for sex, age, and total intracranial volume, particularly for models including WMHV and Aβ.

Main Results:

  • The previously observed associations between WMMS and risk factors persisted in stable NAWM regions.
  • Stronger associations were found in converting NAWM, especially with WMHV at age 70.
  • Sex-specific effects were noted, with associations between blood pressure and FA/MD in converting NAWM observed in men but only in the whole region in women. Aβ effects on MD in men were consistent across both stable and converting regions.

Conclusions:

  • The link between poorer WMMS and factors like age, cardiovascular risk, WMHV, and Aβ is not solely due to white matter on the verge of becoming WMH.
  • Enhanced effects in converting NAWM suggest that higher midlife blood pressure, poorer WMMS, and WMH development are part of a continuous pathological process, particularly in men.
  • The consistent impact of Aβ burden on WMMS in both stable and converting regions in men indicates Aβ's effects are not exclusively driven by tissue that later develops into WMH.