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Protective experiences against the impact of childhood adversity between 0-5 years: a scoping review
Maribel Vega-Arce1, Gastón Núñez-Ulloa2
1Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Maule.
Abstract:
La adversidad temprana se ha vinculado a las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en adultos. Su ocurrencia en niños preescolares es frecuente y particularmente nociva. Esta revisión de alcance buscó explorar la evidencia empírica acerca de experiencias protectoras capaces de moderar el impacto de la adversidad experimentada hasta los 5 años de edad en diversas áreas del desarrollo, considerando los desenlaces hasta los 17 años en la salud física y mental, así como aspectos afectivos, cognitivos, comportamentales, sociales y educativos. Para ello se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Medline Complete, Scopus y Web of Science, en junio del 2024. Esto permitió seleccionar nueve artículos (2018-2023). Mediante un análisis temático se identificaron cinco grupos de experiencias protectoras: a) involucramiento parental y bienestar infantil; b) respuestas de aceptación y cercanía a la vinculación parental; c) entorno sociocomunitario protector; d) calidad del entorno escolar, y e) intervenciones y programas focalizados. Esto hace suponer que el impacto de la adversidad temprana puede ser mitigado por medio de experiencias que fortalecen los recursos infantiles para sortear los desafíos a lo largo de la vida. Los resultados obtenidos pueden orientar en el diseño de estrategias de prevención selectiva e indicada con niños y jóvenes expuestos a adversidad temprana, considerando aportes multidisciplinarios simultáneos en contextos familiares, educativos y comunitarios. Futuras investigaciones pueden superar las limitaciones de esta revisión, así como explorar la efectividad de la prevención del impacto de la adversidad temprana.
Abstract:
Early adversity has been linked to the main causes of morbidity and mortality in adults. Its occurrence in preschool children is frequent and particularly harmful. This scoping review sought to explore the empirical evidence about protective experiences capable of moderating the impact of adversity experienced up to 5 years of age in various areas of development, considering outcomes up to 17 years of age in physical and mental health, as well as affective, cognitive, behavioral, social, and educational aspects. For this purpose, a search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Medline Complete, Scopus and Web of Science, in the month of June 2024. This allowed the selection of nine articles (2018-2023). Through a thematic analysis, five clusters of protective experiences were identified: a) parental involvement and child well-being; b) acceptance responses and closeness to parental bonding; c) protective socio-community environment; d) quality of the school environment, and e) targeted interventions and programs. This suggests that the impact of early adversity can be mitigated through experiences that strengthen children’s resources to overcome challenges throughout life. The results obtained can guide the design of selective and indicated prevention strategies with children and youth exposed to early adversity, considering simultaneous multidisciplinary contributions in family, educational and community contexts. Future research can overcome the limitations of this review, as well as explore the effectiveness of prevention of the impact of early adversity.
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Authoritative...