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Published on: October 17, 2025
Malnutrition at diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia negatively affects survival in children
Ingrid Garduño-Sánchez1, Diana Ávila-Montiel2, Elisa Dorantes-Acosta3
1Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
IntroduccióN:
La leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) es el cáncer pediátrico más frecuente. El estatus nutricional desempeña un papel crucial y puede incrementar el riesgo de mortalidad; sin embargo, esta área ha recibido una atención insuficiente. El objetivo fue evaluar el estado nutricional mediante el Z-score del índice de masa corporal (Z-IMC) en las fases de diagnóstico, inducción y vigilancia, así como su impacto sobre las tasas de mortalidad en pacientes con LLA.
MéTodos:
Se diseñó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes atendidos entre 2015 y 2020, de 2 a 18 años, sin otras comorbilidades crónicas. La variable de exposición fue el estado nutricional, estimado con el Z-IMC. El desenlace primario fue la mortalidad por cualquier causa.
Resultados:
De una muestra de 94 pacientes (sexo masculino: 65% [n = 61]; mediana de edad: 6 años [RIQ: 3.5-10]), 79 (84%) estaban vivos y 15 (16%) fallecieron durante el seguimiento. En las curvas de Kaplan-Meier observamos que los pacientes con normopeso al diagnóstico presentaron mayor probabilidad de supervivencia, mientras que el grupo con desnutrición presentó la menor supervivencia (p = 0.045). En el modelo ajustado de regresión de Cox, encontramos que los pacientes con sobrepeso/obesidad y desnutrición al diagnóstico tuvieron 4.95 veces (IC 95%: 0.20-122; p = 0.30) y 12.5 veces (IC 95%: 1.25-126; p = 0.032) mayor riesgo de mortalidad, respectivamente.
Conclusiones:
El estado nutricional al momento del diagnóstico es un predictor de mortalidad en niños con LLA, lo que enfatiza la necesidad de implementar intervenciones multidisciplinarias tempranas.
Background:
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer worldwide. Nutritional status plays a crucial role and may increase mortality risk; however, this area has not been completely addressed. We aimed to evaluate nutritional status using the body mass index Z-score (Z-BMI) at diagnosis, induction, and surveillance, and its impact on mortality in patients with ALL.
Methods:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients treated between 2015 and 2020, aged 2-18 years, without other chronic comorbidities. The exposure was nutritional status, estimated with Z-BMI. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality.
Results:
Among 94 patients (male: 65% [n = 61]; median age: 6 years [IQR 3.5-10]), 79 (84%) were alive and 15 (16%) died during follow-up. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients with normal weight at diagnosis had higher survival probability, whereas those with malnutrition had the lowest survival (p = 0.045). In an adjusted Cox regression model, patients with overweight/obesity and malnutrition at diagnosis had 4.95 times (95% CI: 0.20-122; p = 0.30) and 12.5 times (95% CI: 1.25-126; p = 0.032) higher risk of mortality, respectively.
Conclusions:
Nutritional status at diagnosis is a predictor of mortality in children with ALL, underscoring the need for early, multidisciplinary interventions.
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