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Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies
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Biomarkers.

Karly Cody1, Andrzej Sokolowski2, Joseph R Winer1

  • 1Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

Alzheimer'S & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer'S Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that amyloid and tau PET imaging reveal diverse biological stages of Alzheimer's disease across clinical stages. Findings highlight differences in disease progression between the NACC and ADNI cohorts, particularly in dementia.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimaging
  • Biomarkers

Background:

  • Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) participants were analyzed for amyloid and tau PET-based stages.
  • Clinical heterogeneity is a key consideration in understanding Alzheimer's disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the frequency of amyloid and tau PET-based stages across the clinical continuum.
  • To compare these PET-based stages between the NACC and ADNI cohorts.

Main Methods:

  • 1013 NACC and 926 ADNI participants with PET imaging and diagnosis data were included.
  • Amyloid PET (centiloids) and tau PET (Gaussian mixture modeling) were used to define biological stages.
  • Ordinal logistic regression modeled the prevalence of biological stages based on age, cohort, and clinical stage.

Main Results:

  • NACC cohort had more dementia cases, with 35% non-AD etiologies.
  • Tau PET stages increased with amyloid and clinical severity.
  • NACC showed a higher proportion of Stage D (advanced tau pathology) compared to ADNI.

Conclusions:

  • Amyloid and tau PET-based staging frameworks are applicable in heterogeneous samples.
  • Significant differences in biological stage distribution exist between NACC and ADNI cohorts.
  • Younger age is associated with a higher probability of advanced tau pathology (Stage D) in dementia.