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Small PdCx interstitial compound for efficient acidic CO2 electroreduction to formic acid.

Yaodong Yu1, Zuochao Wang1,2, Weizhou Wang1

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|December 26, 2025
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Researchers developed a new catalyst for the acidic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) to formic acid (HCOOH). This PdCₓ catalyst achieves high efficiency and stability at high current densities, overcoming previous limitations.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Efficient acidic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) to formic acid (HCOOH) at high current densities is critical for chemical synthesis.
  • Existing catalysts face challenges in achieving high efficiency, low potential, and stability simultaneously under acidic conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient catalyst for acidic CO₂RR to HCOOH that overcomes the triple challenge of low overpotential, high current density, and high stability.
  • To engineer interstitial atoms in PdCₓ compounds to modulate catalyst properties for improved CO₂RR performance.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of small PdCₓ interstitial compounds.
  • Utilized density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental characterization.
  • Investigated the effect of interstitial carbon on catalyst electronic structure and reaction pathways.

Main Results:

  • Interstitial carbon infusion modulated the soft acid strength of Pd, weakening the Pd-O bond energy for efficient HCOOH formation and desorption.
  • Optimized catalyst (PdC₀.₁₃/CNT) achieved >95% Faradaic efficiency (FE) for HCOOH with suppressed hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
  • Demonstrated stability in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, maintaining 1000 mA cm⁻² for 500 hours at 1.8 V.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered PdCₓ interstitial compounds effectively overcome the challenges in acidic CO₂RR to HCOOH.
  • The optimized catalyst exhibits excellent selectivity, efficiency, and stability for industrial applications.
  • This approach provides a pathway for designing advanced catalysts for electrochemical CO₂ conversion.