Evaluating the Safety of Ashwagandha as a Food Additive: A Focus on Reproductive, Thyroid, and Immune System Effects

Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal), a perennial plant of the genus Withania in the Solanaceae family, is widely used in traditional Indian medicine. In recent years, its use as a dietary supplement has gained increasing popularity. However, concerns regarding its safety have attracted significant attention. This review comprehensively examines the effects of Ashwagandha on the female and male reproductive systems, thyroid hormones, acetylcholinesterase activity, the immune system, and the liver. By analyzing relevant research studies and case reports, it aims to thoroughly evaluate the safety of Ashwagandha as a food additive and provide a scientific basis for its rational use. The findings indicate that Ashwagandha poses significant risks to specific populations, such as pregnant women, patients with thyroid disorders, and individuals with liver or kidney dysfunction. Furthermore, multiple cases of liver damage have been reported, raising concerns about its long-term safety. It is recommended to restrict the use of Ashwagandha as a food additive, enhance label warnings, and conduct more high-quality studies to clarify its mechanisms of action and safety thresholds, thereby ensuring its responsible application in the dietary supplement field.