Cytoskeletal control of development and environmental adaptation in plants

Plants have developed fine-tuned cellular mechanisms to respond to intracellular and extracellular signals, which are crucial for their development and adaptation to the ever-changing environment. These cellular responses are often mediated by the highly dynamic cytoskeletal network, including actin filaments and microtubules in plant cells. The cytoskeleton quickly rearranges its organization, through dynamic disassembly and assembly, in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, which further impacts a variety of cellular activities. In this review, we summarized the roles and regulatory mechanisms of the cytoskeleton in cell morphogenesis, organogenesis, and plant environmental adaptation. We next discussed the relationship between the cytoskeleton and the upstream signals, as well as the research on the cytoskeleton and its relevance in agriculture. Finally, we highlight the key questions remaining to be investigated and put forward some future perspectives in the field.