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Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds
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Monitoring strain evolution in water-sand systems using distributed acoustic sensing for geohazard early warning.

Yingping Li1,2, Min Sun3, Yingcai Zheng3

  • 1University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA. y1p2li58@gmail.com.

Scientific Reports
|December 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Distributed acoustic sensing using fiber-optic cables can monitor real-time strain changes in sand. This technology offers potential for early warning systems for rainfall-induced geohazards.

Keywords:
Distributed acoustic sensingInfiltration rateLaboratory experimentsLandslide monitoringMonitor strain spatiotemporal variationsWater-sand interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Civil Engineering
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Rainfall-induced geohazards like landslides and debris flows are often triggered by water-induced internal strain in soil.
  • Effective real-time monitoring of these strain changes is crucial for hazard mitigation and early warning systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) in monitoring real-time strain variations in sand subjected to water infiltration, saturation, and drainage.
  • To assess the potential of fiber-optic sensing technology for the early detection and monitoring of geohazards.

Main Methods:

  • A fiber-optic sensing system was integrated with a sand-filled glass cylinder.
  • Controlled experiments were conducted with dry and wet sand to simulate water infiltration, saturation, and drainage processes.
  • Strain changes within the sand were measured in real time using the embedded fiber-optic cable.

Main Results:

  • The DAS system successfully detected uneven water movement in dry sand, enabling millimeter-scale infiltration rate estimations.
  • In wet sand, the system tracked rising water levels, observed delayed strain peaks post-saturation, and identified abrupt strain shifts during drainage.
  • Fiber-optic sensing demonstrated the capability to capture subtle strain evolution throughout the entire water-sand interaction cycle.

Conclusions:

  • Fiber-optic sensing, particularly DAS, shows significant promise for real-time, cost-effective monitoring of soil strain dynamics.
  • This technology offers a viable solution for developing advanced early warning systems for rainfall-driven geohazards.
  • The study highlights the potential of fiber-optic sensing in geotechnical hazard assessment and monitoring.