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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

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Simulating Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery in a 3D Model and the Cadaver: A Preliminary Comparative Study.

Cesare Zoia1, Pier Paolo Mattogno2, Luca Perna3

  • 1Neurosurgery Unit, Ospedale Moriggia Pelascini, Gravedona e Uniti, Italy.

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|December 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study shows that initial training with the UpSurgeOn TNSBox (transnasal transsphenoidal surgical simulator) significantly improves endoscopic surgical skills for both residents and specialists.

Keywords:
Endoscopic surgerySimulationSinus surgeryTrainingTranssphenoidal surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Surgical Education
  • Medical Simulation

Background:

  • Endoscopic endonasal and transnasal procedures present significant surgical training challenges.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) simulators offer a potential solution for cost-effective skill acquisition.
  • Limited validation studies exist for current 3D surgical simulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of the UpSurgeOn TNSBox (transnasal transsphenoidal surgical simulator) in surgical skill enhancement.
  • To compare the simulator's role in surgical training against traditional cadaveric dissection.

Main Methods:

  • 34 neurosurgeons and head and neck surgeons (residents and junior consultants) participated.
  • Group 1: 3D simulator training followed by cadaveric dissection. Group 2: Cadaveric dissection only.
  • Performance was assessed by blinded experts using the Endoscopic Surgery Rating Scale (G.R.S.) and analyzed via Student's t-tests.

Main Results:

  • Simulation-based initial training significantly improved surgical skills for both residents and specialists.
  • Participants undergoing simulation-based training showed enhanced proficiency in endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery.

Conclusions:

  • The UpSurgeOn TNSBox is a valuable tool for surgical training.
  • It can be integrated into a hybrid training model combining simulation and cadaveric dissection.
  • This approach enhances the acquisition of fundamental endoscopic surgical skills.