Primary coccidioidomycosis in children presenting with massive pleural effusion

Area of Science:

• Pediatric Infectious Diseases
• Pulmonology
• Mycology

Background:

• Coccidioidomycosis, a fungal infection, typically presents with respiratory symptoms.
• Large pleural effusion as a primary manifestation in pediatric coccidioidomycosis is uncommon and poses diagnostic challenges.

Observation:

• This report details three pediatric cases where large pleural effusion was the initial clinical sign of coccidioidomycosis.
• Affected children required extended hospitalization and treatment with amphotericin B.

Findings:

• The study highlights that primary coccidioidomycosis can manifest as significant pleural effusion in children.
• Such presentations indicate a severe form of the disease, potentially linked to acute dissemination.

Implications:

• Pediatricians and infectious disease specialists should consider coccidioidomycosis in the differential diagnosis of large pleural effusions in children from endemic regions.
• Recognizing this presentation is vital for timely and appropriate management of severe pediatric fungal infections.