Latest Advancements in Electrochemical Genosensors Integrated With Nanoparticles for the Detection of Nucleic Acids

Biosensors are the prototypes of future miniaturized and handheld devices that can quantitatively detect the analyte with reliable results. Electrochemical biosensors are a class of biosensors that are capable of both sensitive and selective detection and miniaturization, and the applications of nanomaterials in the electrochemical biosensor area are intriguing for the researchers who aim to overcome the analytical and miniaturization issues of the biosensors. In this review, electrochemical biosensors designed using nucleic acids as the biorecognition elements, namely electrochemical genosensors, were handled, and the recent developments in this area using nanoparticles were elaborately evaluated. Metal and carbon nanoparticle-based electrochemical genosensors for the detection of nucleic acids were summarized in tables, and the pros and cons of the fabrication of these genosensors regarding the analytical metrics and environmental concerns were explained through example studies reported in the literature. The greenness parameter of the nanoparticle-based electrochemical genosensors that indicates the environmental sustainability was discussed using the Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE), and the translational impacts of the implementation of nanoparticles in combination with artificial intelligence (AI) towards the electrochemical genosensor technology were evaluated. It could be concluded that the use of nanoparticles for the development of electrochemical genosensors can contribute to fabricating miniaturized and sustainable electrochemical devices with enhanced analytical properties. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices.