Role of autophagy response on angiogenesis activity of endothelial progenitor cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are key cells in the formation of nascent vascular units. These cells, in collaboration with other cell types, support the formation of blood vessels and supply essential components to target ischemic sites. EPCs can exit the bone medullary cavity and enter the circulation to reach the injured tissues, where they commit to becoming functionally mature ECs. Like other cell lineages, several signalling factors can dictate specific behaviour in EPCs after exposure to different biological conditions. Among these signalling pathways, the autophagy machinery is a focus of attention because of its diverse biological effects in different cell lineages. Autophagy, an early-stage cell mechanism, is activated in response to diverse external stimuli. Upon its activation, several signalling molecules are produced with the ability to influence cell functions and behaviour, especially in terms of angiogenesis. Herein, we collect recent data related to the stimulatory/inhibitory role of autophagy in the vascularization properties of EPCs. We hope that this review will help in the development of de novo therapeutic strategies for the alleviation of ischemic injuries and/or inhibition of blood support to the tumour niche.