A comprehensive analysis of HIV partner notification experiences in the Netherlands

Despite its benefits, partner notification (PN) for HIV faces multiple barriers. This study explores HIV PN experiences, barriers and enabling factors in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, between November 2019 and February 2022. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 recently HIV diagnosed individuals (<2 years; indexes), 11 notified partners and 10 key persons, alongside two focus groups with 10 peers. Data collection was iterative, and analysis was guided by the social-ecological model of McLeroy et al. The findings showed that most indexes were surprised by their diagnosis and had limited knowledge of HIV. PN was often supported by healthcare providers and conducted through digital platforms such as WhatsApp or anonymous online PN tools. Motivations for disclosure included moral responsibility and protecting partners, while barriers included fear, stigma, emotional distress, lack of contact details and perceived illness. Empathic support from providers and peers was a key enabling factor. Most interviewed notified partners underwent testing, often for the first time, and none tested positive. Participants emphasised the need to normalise HIV testing, promote undetectable = untransmittable messaging, improve PN tools, expand testing access and strengthen public awareness. In conclusion, PN is shaped by intersecting personal, social and structural factors, requiring flexible, context-specific interventions.