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Association of Female Reproductive Factors with Incident Cardiometabolic Disease: Finding from a European

Changxi Wang1,2,3, Zhijie Lin1,2,3, Fan Chen1,2,3

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China.

Global Heart
|December 29, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Female reproductive factors like early menarche, menopause, and pregnancy history are linked to increased cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk. These findings can improve risk assessment for women.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) pose a significant global health challenge.
  • While traditional risk factors are known, the role of female reproductive factors in CMD is less understood.
  • Limited comprehensive evaluations exist for female reproductive factors associated with CMD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between various female reproductive factors and the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases (CMD).
  • To provide a comprehensive evaluation of how reproductive history influences cardiometabolic health in women.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized UK Biobank data from 189,411 women without prior CMD, followed from 2007-2022.
  • Employed Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for confounders identified via directed acyclic graph (DAG).
  • Analyzed associations between menarche age, menopause age, reproductive lifespan, childbirth history, and pregnancy loss with CMD incidence.

Main Results:

  • Earlier menarche (<12 years) and later menarche (>13 years) increased CMD risk compared to 12-13 years.
  • Earlier menopause (<46 years) and shorter reproductive lifespan (<33 years) were associated with higher CMD risk.
  • Younger age at first/last live birth, higher parity (3+ children), and recurrent pregnancy loss all elevated CMD risk.

Conclusions:

  • Female reproductive factors are independently associated with cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk.
  • These reproductive markers can enhance clinical screening and cardiometabolic risk assessment strategies for women.
  • The findings highlight the importance of considering reproductive history in women's cardiovascular health management.
Abstract

Keywords:
cardiometabolic diseasefemale reproductive factorsmetabolic healthreproductive health

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