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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
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Related Experiment Video

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Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety
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Neurofeedback: Applications, advancements, and future directions.

Hassan Jubair1, Mithela Mehenaz2, Md Merajul Islam3

  • 1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Khulna University of Engineering and Technology Khulna Bangladesh.

PCN Reports : Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
|December 29, 2025
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Neurofeedback allows real-time brain activity regulation for clinical and performance enhancement. This review of 65 studies examines its evolving applications, methods, and potential, highlighting future directions for this promising technique.

Keywords:
biofeedbackneurofeedbackneurofeedback techniques

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biotechnology
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Neurofeedback enables self-regulation of brain activity.
  • It is increasingly used for clinical intervention and performance enhancement.
  • This review synthesizes current research on neurofeedback.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Evaluate the current state of neurofeedback research.
  • Examine applications in clinical disorders and performance optimization.
  • Identify limitations and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and synthesis of 65 neurofeedback studies.
  • Analysis of historical development, methodological approaches, and technological innovations.
  • Critical examination of applications in ADHD, PTSD, depression, autism, and performance enhancement.

Main Results:

  • Neurofeedback shows potential across various clinical disorders and performance domains.
  • Advances include connectivity-based and multimodal feedback paradigms.
  • Methodological heterogeneity and placebo effects remain challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Neurofeedback is a rapidly evolving field with significant therapeutic potential.
  • Future directions include personalization, multimodal integration, and interdisciplinary collaboration.
  • Further research is needed to address limitations and enhance translational validity.