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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 7, 2026

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Autoantibodies in long COVID in a black/mixed population compared with recovered and pre-pandemic controls.

Jessica de Jesus Silva1,2, Laila Sampaio Horta1, Sayonara Melo Viana1

  • 1Laboratório de Medicina e Saúde Pública de Precisão, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.

Frontiers in Immunology
|December 29, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Autoantibodies were not significantly different in Long COVID (LC) patients compared to controls. While present in recovered individuals, specific autoantibodies did not correlate with LC symptoms, suggesting they may not be a primary cause.

Keywords:
COVID-19anti-cardiolipinautoantibodiesbiomarkerslong Covid

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Long COVID (LC) is a condition with persistent symptoms post-SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • Autoimmunity is a proposed mechanism for LC, but the role of autoantibodies is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize autoantibody profiles in LC patients.
  • To assess the association of autoantibodies with persistent post-COVID symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed 17 autoantibodies in pre-pandemic controls, recovered COVID-19 patients, and LC patients.
  • Used logistic regression and subgroup analyses to assess frequencies and clinical associations.

Main Results:

  • Autoantibody prevalence was higher in recovered individuals (37%) than LC patients (24%) or controls (19%).
  • a-cardiolipin IgM was most frequent but did not differentiate LC or correlate with symptom persistence.
  • No correlation found between autoantibodies and disease severity.

Conclusions:

  • The evaluated autoantibodies do not appear to play a primary pathogenic role in Long COVID.
  • Further longitudinal studies are needed to understand autoantibody dynamics and their interaction with other factors in post-COVID conditions.