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Gender Identity and Preferences in Children with Variations in Sex Development.

Canice E Crerand¹, Natalie M Gallagher², Margaret P Adam^3,4

¹Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States.

Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology

|December 29, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Children with variations in sex development (VSDs) showed minimal differences in gender development compared to peers. However, some VSD groups exhibited more masculine toy preferences and self-perceptions. Further research is needed.

Keywords:

Disorders of sex development gender identity intersex

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Endocrinology
Developmental Psychology
Genetics

Background:

Understanding gender development in children with variations in sex development (VSDs) is crucial for comprehensive care.
Previous research has not fully elucidated the nuances of gender identity and preferences in this population.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare gender-typed preferences and gender identity in children with and without VSDs.
To investigate potential differences in gender development between these groups.

Main Methods:

A cross-sectional study involving 78 children with VSDs and 78 typically developing children (ages 3-13).
Assessments included gender-typed toy, clothing, and peer preferences, and measures of gender identity.
Data collected through specialty clinics and university databases.

Main Results:

Children with and without VSDs generally did not differ in gender development across most measures.
Children raised as girls with VSDs showed more masculine toy preferences and perceived themselves as more similar to boys.
Boys with VSDs exhibited more masculine toy preferences, but findings were less robust than in girls.

Conclusions:

VSDs are not strongly associated with significant differences in gender development during early and mid-childhood.
Longitudinal studies are essential to track gender development in youth with VSDs as they mature.