Harnessing Antioxidants for Enhanced Bovine Embryo Production: Current Insights and Future Directions

In vitro maturation (IVM) is a crucial step in the in vitro embryo production (IVEP) of bovine oocytes, requiring coordinated nuclear and cytoplasmic changes for proper embryonic development. However, oocyte quality is often compromised by oxidative stress (OS), primarily caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated under in vitro conditions. Natural antioxidants have been suggested as a solution for OS by neutralising ROS and restoring cellular homeostasis. Over the past few decades, growing research efforts have been directed toward incorporating antioxidants into culture media to enhance oocyte maturation and, consequently, improve the subsequent developmental potential of embryos. Recent studies highlight the roles of enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g., vitamins C and E) in enhancing embryonic development. Strategic combinations of antioxidants have shown promise in optimising embryo quality by mitigating oxidative stress and enhancing developmental outcomes. Here, we aim to recapitulate recent advances in knowledge regarding the effects of antioxidants on bovine oocyte quality and developmental potential during IVM, and subsequent embryo development, and to discuss their importance in the context of enhancing reproductive success.