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Paenibacillus encodes a membrane-localized Spo0B.

Isabella N Lin1, Cassidy R Prince1, Heather A Feaga1

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|December 29, 2025
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A unique membrane-localized Spo0B variant (Spo0B-TM) is widespread in Paenibacillus bacteria, influencing the conserved sporulation-initiating phosphorelay. This finding reveals unexpected diversity in bacterial spore formation. Keywords: Paenibacillus, bacterial sporulation, Spo0B-TM, phosphorelay.

Keywords:
PaenibacillusSpo0Bphosphorelaysporulation

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacterial genetics
  • Cellular differentiation

Background:

  • Bacterial sporulation is crucial for survival in harsh environments.
  • The genus Paenibacillus contains species significant in agriculture, food spoilage, and human opportunistic infections.
  • Sporulation initiation involves a conserved phosphorelay, but knowledge of non-model organisms like Paenibacillus is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive survey of sporulation genes in Paenibacillus.
  • To investigate the conservation and function of the sporulation-initiating phosphorelay in Paenibacillus.
  • To identify novel variants within conserved bacterial pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide analysis of 1,460 Paenibacillus genomes.
  • Bioinformatic prediction and experimental validation of protein localization (Spo0B-TM).
  • Sequence identity comparisons across Bacillota.

Main Results:

  • All essential components of the sporulation-initiating phosphorelay are conserved in Paenibacillus.
  • A novel variant, Spo0B-TM, with a transmembrane domain localizing it to the cell membrane, is present in 92% of surveyed genomes.
  • Spo0B-TM's transmembrane domain is critical for its interaction with Spo0A and Spo0F, and Spo0B shows low sequence identity compared to other phosphorelay members across Bacillota.

Conclusions:

  • A unique, membrane-localized Spo0B variant (Spo0B-TM) is highly conserved across Paenibacillus, impacting sporulation initiation.
  • This discovery highlights significant diversity within the generally conserved bacterial phosphorelay system.
  • The findings contribute to understanding bacterial adaptation and pathogenesis in the Paenibacillaceae family and related taxa.