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Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

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Published on: August 25, 2014

Maternal Racial Differences and Socioeconomic Status in Preterm Infant Neurodevelopment, Feeding, and Growth.

Tingting Zhao, Aolan Li, Weizi Wu

Nursing Research

|December 29, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal racial disparity and socioeconomic status (SES) significantly impact preterm infant feeding, growth, and neurodevelopment. Addressing these disparities is crucial for improving long-term health outcomes in vulnerable newborns.

Keywords:

ZIP code feeding growth neurodevelopment preterm infant racial disparity socieconomic status

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Area of Science:

Neonatal Health
Pediatric Neurodevelopment
Health Disparities Research

Background:

Preterm birth poses risks for infant neurodevelopment and health.
Maternal socioeconomic status (SES) is linked to preterm birth, but its predictive role in infant outcomes needs further exploration.
Racial disparities in maternal SES may exacerbate these risks.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the associations between maternal race, ZIP code-level SES, and infant feeding, growth, and neurodevelopmental trajectories.
To identify key SES-related risk factors influencing these infant outcomes.

Main Methods:

A cohort study of 181 preterm infants recruited from Connecticut NICUs.
Assessment of infant feeding, growth, and neurodevelopment using standardized scales.
XGBoost and SHAP values were employed to analyze health outcomes and identify SES-related risk factors.

Main Results:

Infants born to Black mothers exhibited significantly poorer birth metrics (gestational age, weight, length, head circumference) and higher illness severity scores compared to infants of White mothers.
Black mothers were younger, less educated, single, and faced higher poverty levels and larger family sizes.
Key predictors of infant outcomes included birth weight, gestational age, illness severity, family size, maternal age, income, poverty, and school enrollment.

Conclusions:

Maternal racial disparities and SES are significant predictors of feeding, growth, and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants.
These findings highlight the need for targeted healthcare strategies to support vulnerable preterm populations and improve long-term health.