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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell PBMC Engrafted Humanized Xenograft Model for Translational Immuno-oncology I-O Research

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Matrix Type Influences the Levels of Soluble Immune Checkpoints.

Veronica Buia^1,2, Martina Bonacini², Cecilia Catellani²

¹PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis

|December 29, 2025

Summary

Matrix type significantly impacts soluble immune checkpoint (sIC) detection. Serum and plasma yield different results for most sICs, necessitating careful matrix selection for clinical studies.

Keywords:

cancer immune‐mediated diseases plasma serum soluble immune checkpoints

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Area of Science:

Biomarker Discovery
Immunology
Clinical Chemistry

Background:

Soluble immune checkpoints (sICs) are potential biomarkers for cancer and immune diseases.
The influence of sample matrix (serum vs. plasma) on sIC detection is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the detectability and concentration of 17 soluble immune checkpoints (sICs) in paired serum and EDTA-plasma samples.
To determine if serum and plasma are interchangeable for sIC biomarker analysis.

Main Methods:

A cohort of 38 healthy subjects was analyzed.
A multiplex bead-based assay was employed to measure 17 sICs.
Paired serum and EDTA-plasma samples were compared for detection frequency, concentration, and correlation.

Main Results:

Detection frequencies varied, with some sICs higher in plasma (e.g., CD137, CD152) and others in serum (e.g., CD40L).
Concentrations differed, with higher levels of certain sICs (e.g., 4-1BBL, PD-1) in plasma and others (e.g., PD-L2) in serum.
Soluble CD80, GITR, GITRL, ICOSL, IDO, and TIM3 showed comparable concentrations, while CD27, CD80, and GITRL demonstrated some correlation.

Conclusions:

The choice of matrix significantly influences the detection of most sICs, except for soluble CD80.
Results suggest serum and plasma are not interchangeable for many sIC measurements.
Careful matrix evaluation is crucial before initiating clinical studies involving sIC biomarkers.