Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 7, 2026
Modified Most Probable Number Assay to Quantify Salmonella in Raw and Ready-to-Cook Chicken Products
Published on: January 31, 2025
Public health surveillance and outbreak preparedness for mpox
Preeti Pathela1, Kainoa Nagao, Sarah Braunstein
1New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Hepatitis, HIV, and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Queens, New York, USA.
Purpose Of Review:
The 2022 global mpox outbreak showed that surveillance systems were not ready to quickly detect or adapt to the new dynamic of human-to-human spread. While many lessons were learned, ongoing mpox outbreaks underscore the need for focused attention on enhancing mpox surveillance systems. This review presents ongoing challenges, successes, recent advances, and future considerations for seven areas related to surveillance for mpox.
Recent Findings:
The development of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays has greatly improved MPXV detection, though there remain diagnostic gaps and critical needs for expanding genomic surveillance. Challenges to complete case ascertainment, data sharing, and reporting also persist. At the same time, key advances have been made regarding the integration of mpox into existing surveillance and healthcare service delivery for HIV and sexually transmitted infections; use of the One Health approach to understand the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health; and application of newer innovations in surveillance efforts such as wastewater monitoring and artificial intelligence.
Summary:
This review highlights recent work that informs how to maintain nimble, sustainable, and coordinated surveillance systems that will not only strengthen the response to the evolving mpox outbreaks but also contribute to future pandemic preparedness initiatives.
Related Concept Videos
01:18Steps in Outbreak Investigation
01:26Principles of Disease Surveillance
01:20Infection
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
01:17Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...
01:30Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed....
01:19Pharmacovigilance
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
In some cases, there...