Next-generation nano-biosensors for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, largely due to late-stage diagnosis and the limited sensitivity of conventional biomarkers. The emergence of nanomaterial-based biosensors offers transformative potential for precision diagnostics by integrating advanced physicochemical properties with molecular recognition strategies. This narrative review current progress in next-generation nanomaterial biosensors, including carbon nanostructures, metal-organic frameworks, quantum dots, and plasmonic nanoparticles, highlighting their roles in enhancing the sensitivity, specificity, and multiplexed detection of HCC-associated biomarkers such as alpha-fetoprotein, glypican-3, and circulating nucleic acids. We discuss innovative design principles, translational challenges, and clinical validation pathways, emphasizing how nanomaterial-enabled platforms can bridge the gap between laboratory innovation and bedside application. By critically evaluating technological advances and unmet clinical needs, this review underscores the promise of nanomaterial biosensors in enabling earlier detection, personalized monitoring, and improved prognostic assessment of HCC, ultimately advancing precision oncology.